Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (IPD) is the most common form of Parkinsonism, characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. The exact etiology remains unknown, although a combination of genetic and environmental factors is implicated. clinically, IPD manifests with motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, along with a range of non-motor symptoms including depression, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by neuroimaging and response to dopaminergic therapy. Levodopa remains the gold standard of treatment, although long-term use is associated with motor complications. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of IPD have led to the development of newer pharmacologic and surgical interventions, including deep brain stimulation. Despite these advancements, IPD remains a progressive and incurable disease, highlighting the need for continued research into disease-modifying therapies and improved diagnostic biomarkers.